Presidential debates are about ideas, tough questions — and gaffes.
The impact of one line zingers can fade after the moment, but gaffes can linger, altering a race and shifting the momentum.
Mistakes happen in almost every debate. And as Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump meet for their first clash Monday — 56 years to the date after the famous showdown between Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy — viewers will be on alert for any stumbles that might seal the fate of either candidate.
Here are eight of the biggest blunders from nearly six decades of presidential debates:
Nixon vs. Kennedy, 1960
The first televised general election debate featured a candidate who understood the power of television and one who didn’t. John F. Kennedy, tall, young and confident, looked into the camera and addressed 80 million viewers.
Richard Nixon, pale and recovering from the flu, shifted his eyes, looking unfocused as he addressed the questioners rather than the viewers. Nixon was also sweaty and unshaven. People who listened to the debate on the radio thought Nixon won. People who watched the debate thought Kennedy won. The next day’s Chicago Daily News headline summed up the importance of the visuals: “Was Nixon Sabotaged by TV Makeup Artists?”
It went so badly for Nixon that for the next 16 years, general election candidates avoided televised debates.
Ford vs. Carter, 1976
So memorable was President Gerald Ford’s gaffe that it made it into his obituary. Asked about the expansion of Russian power in Eastern Europe, Ford flatly denied it.
“There is no Soviet domination of Eastern Europe, and there never will be under a Ford administration,” he said.
Flummoxed, the moderator gave Ford a chance to modify his response. But Ford stuck by his response throughout the debate, insisting that Poland, Yugoslavia, and Romania were all “independent and autonomous.”
Sometimes thought of as “the accidental president,” Ford’s bumbling response only highlighted the sense among some that he wasn’t quite right for the job.
Dukakis vs. Bush, 1988
The question wasn’t hard.
“Governor,” CNN’s Bernard Shaw asked, “if Kitty Dukakis were raped and murdered, would you favor an irrevocable death penalty for the killer?”
It was an easy opportunity for Michael Dukakis, the Democratic governor of Massachusetts, to sound human. But he whiffed and discussed his ironclad opposition to the death penalty. He talked about how Massachusetts had the lowest murder rate in the country. And he criticized then-Vice President George H.W. Bush over his drug war policies.
What he didn’t do in his two-minute response is talk about this wife, Kitty. The next day, Kitty Dukakis called the question shocking and inappropriate. Dukakis later admitted that he made a mistake by answering such a raw question so clinically.
Bush vs. Clinton vs. Perot, 1992
Just as an audience member stood up to ask President George H.W. Bush about how the national debt had personally affected him, he checked his watch. And in that moment, he provided Bill Clinton an opening. He also gave viewers of the first presidential town hall the impression that he just didn’t care and that he had better things to do with his time. The Arkansas governor pounced, showing his rare gift of connecting with voters by approaching the questioner and painting a picture of a wrecked economy where her friends and neighbors had lost jobs.
The debate echoed a New York Times headline months earlier that suggested he was out of touch with average voters—“Bush Encounters the Supermarket, Amazed.” Bush later said that in the moment he was thinking: “I hate these debates. I’m so glad it’s almost over.”
Bush vs. Gore, 2000
Vice President Al Gore just couldn’t hide his exasperation. Especially not after Republican operatives spliced together a clip of him sighing and sighing again and again during his first presidential debate against George W. Bush. After the sighing reel was circulated, the entire narrative of the first debate changed.
The post-debate spin effectively turned a debate night victory into a loss for Gore in the days that followed. Columnists mocked him. And pundits had a talking point. On the “Today” show, Katie Couric asked him if his sighing was “presidential behavior.”
In 2007 Gore looked back and said: “The sighs, the sighs, the sighs. Within 18 hours, they had turned perception around to where the entire story was about me sighing. And that’s scary. That’s scary.”
Rick Perry vs. his memory, 2011
“Oops” is never a word that announces something good.
For then-Texas Gov. Rick Perry, it announced the beginning of the the end of his bid for the 2012 GOP nomination. In the moment, he started off pretty strong and specific.
“I will tell you. It’s three agencies of government when I get there that are gone,” he said, staring at then-Congressman Ron Paul, who was standing next to him. “Commerce, Education, and the…uh…what’s the third one there?”
Finally, he just gave up, after the moderator pinned him down.
“Let’s see…I can’t, the third one, sorry,” he said. “Oops.”
(He later remembered that it was the Department of Energy). The rap on Perry was that he wasn’t up to the job and the “oops” moment underscored it. There was no cleaning this one up.
Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney, 2012
In his closing statement for one of the most watched debates in television history, President Barack Obama said it “was a terrific debate.”
He was right — for Mitt Romney.
Some 70 million people watched a flat-footed and lethargic Obama get hammered by a well-prepped and aggressive Mitt Romney. Obama spoke in run-on sentences. Romney spoke in bullet points.
A CNN insta-poll of registered voters showed that 67% of registered voters who watched the debate thought Romney won, and just 25% went with Obama. Even Obama’s campaign aide, Stephanie Cutter, conceded on CNN that Romney “scored some points on style.”
Yes, like every available style point. The Republican National Committee released a video ad called “Smirk” that showed a split-screen of Romney smoothly ripping Obama, while the president nodded and smirked. Obama’s poor performance jolted the race, giving Romney the momentum. At least until the second debate.
Marco Rubio vs. Chris Christie, 2016
Four.
That’s how many times Sen. Marco Rubio pivoted to the exact same soundbite attack on President Obama. Four times — in five minutes.
Dogged by criticisms that he was an inexperienced first-term senator who could deliver a speech but not much else, Rubio provided just the evidence his critics needed. It also likely destroyed any chances he had at a good showing in the New Hampshire primary. He later did something that presidential candidates rarely do — admit they made a mistake.
“I did not do well on Saturday night, so listen to this,” he told a crowd after his fifth place finish. “That will never happen again.”
But the damage was done and his campaign never recovered.